When to Use Absolute, Relative & Mixed Cell References in Formulas

In my experience, I find that many Excel users get easily confused when it comes time to use an Absolute or a Mixed Cell Reference in a formula. Let me demonstrate how and when to use the proper cell references, so that you always get the correct result.

Here is what each type of cell reference looks like in a formula:

  • Relative Cell Reference – =A2*B2 when copied down one row becomes = A3*B3
  • Absolute Cell Reference – =A2*$B$2 when copied down one row becomes =A3*$B$2 (Notice the $B$2 Absolute cell reference in the formula)
  • Mixed Cell Reference – =$A2*B$3 when copied down one row becomes = $A3*B$3 and when copied one cell to the right becomes =$A*C$3 (Notice how one part of the cell reference is relative – it moves; and the other part of the reference is Absolute – it remains fixed in place)

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